Jan 25, 2023 Emerging Materials for Environmental & Sensing Applications

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Jan 25, 2023 Emerging Materials for Environmental & Sensing Applications Lecture by Michael Strano MIT. "Nanosensor Coupling to Human and Plant Interfaces for Real Time Chemical Information Transfer" https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&si=ZVaWlTpofKjqdGIO&v=yWKB_r4MzAs&feature=youtu.be . MIT-NANOTUBE SENSE. NANO Michael S. Strano: Quantum-Confined Materials - New Nano-Sensors 2013 - CORONA nanonetworks 2015 - Engineering The Nanoparticle Corona for Biological Sensors 2017 https://rumble.com/v7h97l2-452246438.html . https://search.brave.com/search?q=Michael+S.+Strano%3A+Quantum-Confined+Materials+-+New+Nano-Sensors&source=android . Engineering the Nanoparticle Corona for Sensors, Michael Strano MIT 2017 https://search.brave.com/search?q=Engineering+the+Nanoparticle+CORONA+for+Biological+Sensors+Michael+Strano+MIT&source=android . CORONA (COordinate and ROuting system for NAnonetworks) is a joint coordinate and routing protocol designed for dynamic deployment on 2D ad-hoc nanonetworks, such as those used in Software-Defined Metamaterials (SDMs) 2015 https://search.brave.com/search?q=CORONA+nanonetworks&source=android&conversation=09b68c189e864e346a39221e3c498e9019e8 . Corona Phase Molecular Recognition (CoPhMoRe) is a sensing technology that uses single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) wrapped in synthetic heteropolymers to detect specific target molecules. The polymer forms a structured "corona" on the nanotube surface that selectively binds to analytes, causing a measurable change in the nanotube's near-infrared (nIR) fluorescence.

This technology is capable of intra-body and intracellular applications, allowing for real-time, label-free monitoring of biological processes https://search.brave.com/search?q=CORONA+PHASE+MOLECULAR+RECOGNITION+INTRA-BODY&source=android&conversation=09b9898f266a01d2aa611dae5b3665d55210 . Ian F Akildiz Professional History In Wierless sensor Networks https://search.brave.com/search?q=Ian+F+Akildiz+Profesional+History+In+Wierless+sensor+Networks&source=android . WHO IS IAN F. AKYILDIZ? EDITOR & CHEIF OF (JFET) THE INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS UNION-UNITED-NATIONS PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND https://rumble.com/v6z8bj6-421971810.html . ARRC Seminar Series - Prof. Ian F. Akyildiz 2023 https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=YAtQFkEg5-w&t=1s&pp=2AEBkAIB . Inside the Body’s Future: How Bio-NanoThings Will Change Disease Detection Ian F Akildiz 2024 https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=tfpxG9VD9EY&t=1s&pp=2AEBkAIB . Ian F Akildiz Profesional Background:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_F._Akyildiz .
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37272190700 .
https://www.itu.int/en/journal/j-fet/Pages/editorial-board.aspx .
https://n3cat.upc.edu/members/ian-f-akyildiz/ . Ian F. Akyildiz and Josep Miguel Jornet coined the term Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) in their 2010 paper "The Internet of Nano-Things" published in IEEE Wireless Communications. They defined IoNT as the interconnection of nanoscale devices with existing communication networks and the Internet, establishing a new networking paradigm https://search.brave.com/search?q=Ian+F+akildiz+Coins+The+Term+Internet+of+nano-things&source=web&conversation=0980a1d41f1a71cb85a17c98e09764baee92 . Ian F. Akyildiz is widely recognized as the pioneer who coined the term Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT) and developed its foundational networking framework. He introduced this concept alongside Massimiliano Pierobon, Sasitharan Balasubramaniam, and Yevgeni Koucheryavy in a seminal 2015 paper published in IEEE Communications Magazine. https://search.brave.com/search?q=Ian+F+akildiz+Coins+The+Term+Internet+of+bio+nano-things&source=web&conversation=09801e8286f334288d5c706cc484e8151a8b . who is the ITU? & How old is the ITU?

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) was established on May 17, 1865, making it 161 years old as of today, August 29, 2026. As the oldest active specialized agency of the United Nations, it originally formed as the International Telegraph Union to standardize cross-border telegraph communications. https://search.brave.com/search?q=who+is+the+ITU%3F&source=android&conversation=0980d84bed89c08de87205f68a73929375ad . 🚨 From Digital Twins to Cognitive Twins Prof. Ian F. Akyildiz ITU Kaleidoscope, Geneva July 2026 Closing the Metacognitive Loop for 6G & Beyond Wireless Systems They just mapped the entire future network to the human nervous system.

Five hierarchical cognitive agents. One continuous feedback loop.

https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/academia/kaleidoscope/2026/Documents/Presentations/Ian-Akyildiz-presentation%E2%80%8B.pdf . This keynote introduces PANACEA, a cyber-physical health system that uses nanoscale “bio-machines” inside the body—tiny sensors that can detect infections by listening to how bacteria communicate with each other. These nanosensors connect to a wearable hub, mobile devices, and secure cloud platforms where AI and machine learning analyze the data, trigger early warnings, and even guide or automate drug delivery. More than just a medical tool, PANACEA is part of the larger Internet of Bio-NanoThings (IoBNT), a new frontier where biology, nanotech, and the Internet converge to reshape healthcare. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/academia/kaleidoscope/2019/Documents/Presentations/Keynote%20speech_Ian_Akyildiz.pdf . 6G networks are evolving into global sensors through Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC), a paradigm shift that transforms wireless infrastructure into a ubiquitous, high-resolution radar system https://search.brave.com/search?q=6G+Network+as+a+Global+Sensor&source=android&conversation=097526a15f98f0b95ddc45b76e3d500fc7f4 . Internet of Everything IoE From molecules to the universe AI for Good ITU-JFET 2025 Aug 15

"Internet of Everything (IoE). This vision of IoE, therefore, is that of connecting our already developed infrastructure to all observable entities in the universe, ranging from molecules and cells within human body to the people and planets. In this talk, the IoE vision will be introduced; the state-of-the-art, research challenges and directions in some of its novel components, e.g., Internet of Bio-Nano Things, Internet of Organoids, Internet of Plants, Internet of Space" https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Ss9ntQVfK-Q . (2020) Ian F Akyildiz: Remotely controlling your cells from the internet, the hub being your mobile phone & his implantable bioelectronic devices which include an engineered Ecoli fluorescent bionanosensor. https://youtu.be/tfpxG9VD9EY?is=YvW5Cg5w5pikaUbk . .

https://x.com/Imbackbitches45/status/1963713813401702898?t=HCk7J6eX5Ku8PbbXXAIPTQ&s=19

Synthetic Biology is the core science for future Defence Technology, according toDARPAhttps://rumble.com/v30r28c-july-18-2023.html . (2015)DARPA: Forward to the Future: Visions of 2045 — Stefanie Tompkinshttps://rumble.com/v39otg1-2015-darpa-forward-to-the-future-visions-of-2045-stefanie-tompkins.html?e9s=src_v1_s%2Csrc_v1_s_o

. ADEPT/P3DARPACreated the "Mrna" "Vaccines" Since 2011https://www.darpa.mil/news/2021/covid-19

. (2020)Ian F Akyildiz: Remotely controlling your cells from the internet, the hub being your mobile phone & his implantable bioelectronic devices which include an engineered Ecoli fluorescent bionanosensor. https://rumble.com/v4e3nvr-february-18-2024.html . Panaceaan internet of bio-nanothings for Disease Detectionhttps://search.brave.com/search?q=Panacea+and+internet+of+bionanothings+for+Disease+Detection&source=android&summary=1&conversation=05da043377a66c7fe64e10 . ian f akyildiz 6g iobnt ituhttps://search.brave.com/search?q=ian+f+akyildiz+6g+iobnt+itu&source=android&summary=1&conversation=32a4f879bd37f33529c07e . DARPA Panaceahttps://search.brave.com/search?q=DARPA+Panacea+&source=web

. July 13, 2016 Electrical Stimulation: APanaceafor Disease? [DARPA NSF FUNDED] https://www.embs.org/pulse/articles/electrical-stimulation-panacea-disease/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR3Il0oOxuWipQBztGKv-w02hjaC-N1c5xb-zwWto9Msb4oBFJmYzNxrMsw_aem_ZmFrZWR1bW15MTZieXRlcw

. Implantable “Neural Dust” Enables Precise Wireless Recording of Nerve Activity #DARPA First in vivo tests demonstrate ultrasound can be used to wirelessly power and communicate with millimeter-scale devices surgically placed in muscles and nerves https://www.darpa.mil/news/2016/implantable-neural-dust . NSF: Semiconductor Synthetic Biology Circuits and Communications for Information Storage (SemiSynBio-III)https://search.brave.com/search?q=Semiconductor+Synthetic+Biology+Circuits+and+Communications+for+Information+Storage+(SemiSynBio-III)+NSF&source=android . Synthesizing the biochemical and semiconductor worlds: the future of nucleic acid nanotechnologyhttps://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/nr/d2nr04040a

. According to Josep Miquel JORNET's patent, Quantum plasmonic biosensing is real. 😳 Implantable biosensor and communication node with plasmonic nano-antenna: https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2023028355A1/en?inventor=Josep+Jornet . Dr. Josep Jornet "Wearable Bio-nano sensing" 2020 https://rumble.com/v79q046-dr.-josep-jornet-wearable-bio-nano-sensing-2020.html . 6G: 6G Can you imagine your body’s cells connected to the internet? Tech 2030, Josep Miquel Jornet The Internet of Nano-Things and how connectivity will enhance our lives at the cellular level! https://rumble.com/v6s29ur-409932387.html . Internet of Everything IoE From molecules to the universe AI for Good ITU-JFET 2025 Aug 15

"Internet of Everything (IoE). This vision of IoE, therefore, is that of connecting our already developed infrastructure to all observable entities in the universe, ranging from molecules and cells within human body to the people and planets. In this talk, the IoE vision will be introduced; the state-of-the-art, research challenges and directions in some of its novel components, e.g., Internet of Bio-Nano Things, Internet of Organoids, Internet of Plants, Internet of Space" https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Ss9ntQVfK-Q . DNA data centers represent a conceptual shift from energy-intensive silicon-based infrastructure to biological storage, using synthetic DNA to archive digital information with extreme density and minimal power consumption https://search.brave.com/search?q=DNA+data+centers&source=android&conversation=097f72a1422be8ee6d91908e7ab7ed60b6be

. https://www.facebook.com/share/v/18m3QNvDdM/

Biological "nanomachines in nature" Ian F Akikdiz PANACEA 6G nanonetworks IoBnT IOE https://rumble.com/v79jwtk-biological-nanomachines-in-nature-ian-f-akikdiz-panacea-6g-nanonetworks-iob.html . https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Qfie9e7Xv/

Patent by Josep Jornet Injectable Nano Sensors to enable the Internet of Bio-Nano Things for Smart Healthcare System.

https://patents.google.com/patent/US20240350045A1/en?inventor=Josep+Miquel+Jornet

. https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18W1gcaP4q/

BROADBAND WIERLESS NETWORKING LAB: Nano-Scale and Molecular Communication Sensor Networks Wireless and Cellular Systems Cognitive Radio Networks Wired Networks Satellite Networks https://ianakyildiz.com/bwn/IFA/publications-categorized.html . Ian F. Akyildiz and Josep M. Jornet have received significant support from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) for research in nanonetworking, specifically regarding the Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT) and terahertz biosensing plasmonic nano-antennas. https://search.brave.com/search?q=ian+f+akyildiz+and+Joseph+Jornet+national+science+foundation+grants+for+the+Internet+of+Bio-Nano+Things+and+Terahertz+biosening+plasmonic+nano-antenna&source=android&summary=1&conversation=095158e1fe5509bae259e962c9038b126152

. Robert Freitas ( nanotechnologist) interviewed by Ray Kurzweil ( a computer scientist and advocate for Transhumanism and the Singularity). A few clips from a 30 min interview. Very interesting and worth a listen. Discusses nanorobots .

"Nanotechnology the most important technology of the 21st Century"- Robert Freitas

Replacement for the entire human vascular system( called vasculoid) If %9 of human body is nanotechnology are you still human or something else? What does it mean to be human? - clip # 3

Nanorobots will be deployed sometime in the 2020-2030's- Robert Freitas

Clip #4 They discuss self replicating nanobots

Ray Kurzweil 2017 - The Future of Nanotechnology with Ray Kurzweil & Robert Freitas

https://youtu.be/ie6w63-LJIg?si=vXEQXCQoMoMQkMBG

https://philpapers.org/rec/FREVAP . . US10945603B2, titled “Detecting potential health risks using nanorobotics” and assigned to AT&T, describes a system in which nanorobots (“nanites”) are deployed inside the body—specifically noted as ingestible or injectable—to detect target substances such as allergens or biomarkers by means of a chemical detector. Each nanite includes a sensor to register the reaction, a reservoir that can hold medication, a power source, and a transceiver to communicate with a user’s device and, through it, a remote server. The nanite transmits reaction data to the user device, which relays it to the server for analysis to determine potential health risks, and the server or device can send instructions back to the nanite to dispense medication. The system also accounts for expiration of the nanite, sending notifications when its detector or power source is depleted.

Below is a detailed, section-by-section breakdown of US 10945603 B2, “Detecting potential health risks using nanorobotics” (AT&T) https://patents.google.com/patent/US10945603B2/en

Title / Identifiers / Owner

Title: Detecting potential health risks using nanorobotics

Publication: US 10945603 B2

Application / Priority: Filed March 20, 2017 (US 15/463,260)

Assignee / Owner: AT&T Intellectual Property I, L.P.

Status: “Expired – Fee Related” as of current records.

Expiration date (adjusted): June 30, 2038

Field / Technical Classifications

The patent is classified under medical diagnostics / remote monitoring / nanoscale sensors (A61B5 etc.).

It lies at the intersection of biomedical sensing, nanotechnology, medical telemetry, and health informatics.

Abstract

The invention is a device (a “nanite” or nanoscale robot) that: • Contains a detector that triggers a chemical reaction upon contact with a “target substance” in a user’s body. • A sensor that senses when that reaction occurs. • A transceiver that transmits a first electronic signal (with a record of the reaction) to a user endpoint device, and also receives a second electronic signal instructing the nanite to dispense medication from an internal reservoir.

In other words: it is a system for in vivo monitoring (via ingestible or injectable nanites) of biochemical markers (allergens, pathogens, metabolites, etc.), with communication to external devices (phones, servers), and optionally a feedback loop to medicate.

Detailed Description Breakdown

The patent’s “Detailed Description” section walks through how such a system is structured, how it operates, and examples.

I will summarize and annotate the important sub-sections.

Background (Lines ~423–450)

The inventors note that existing health monitoring systems (e.g. home test kits, sensors) have limitations: potential false positives/negatives, calibration drift, latency, human error, etc.

The idea is to use nanoscale robotics (“nanites”) inside the body to detect health risks in real time (or near real time), with high specificity.

Optionally, the nanite could also carry a therapeutic payload (medicine) to respond automatically to detected risk.

This section sets the motivation: detection earlier, more locally, less manual, with potential closed-loop response.

System / Network Architecture (associated with Figure 1)

The system connects three “layers”: (1) nanites inside the user (ingested or injected), (2) user endpoint devices (smartphone, wearable, etc.), (3) application server / backend (cloud or remote).

The nanite communicates (short range, e.g. NFC or equivalent) with the user device, which forwards signals to a remote server over the network (cellular, internet).

The backend server stores user profiles, health history, and can analyze incoming sensor data to decide whether there is a “potential health risk”.

The server can then send instructions: to the user device (alert, recommendation) or directly to the nanite (to dispense medication).

Thus, there is a “feedback/control loop” spanning from inside the body (nanite) → smartphone/wearable → cloud → decision → back to nanite.

Nanite Design / Components (Figure 2 & associated text)

This is a critical section describing what the nanite physically/compositionally includes and how it works.

Key parts:

Substrate (202)

The structural “body” that houses the non-consumable parts like power, electronics, circuitry.

It couples with the detector and reservoir in a compact form.

Detector (204)

A consumable chemical (e.g. enzyme, catalyst, reagent) that interacts/reacts with a target substance in the body (e.g. allergen, antibody, metabolite) to produce a detectable chemical reaction.

When it reacts, it may be “used up” (i.e. the detector capacity is exhausted).

Different detector materials may be chosen depending on the target (e.g. glucose, cholesterol, allergens).

Reservoir (206)

Holds a therapeutic agent (e.g. medication) to be dispensed in response to a detected risk.

Examples: epinephrine (for allergy), clotting factors (for hemophilia), lactase (for lactose intolerance), insulin or statin, etc.

Power Source (208)

A non-toxic battery or energy harvesting system (e.g. thermoelectric from body heat, photovoltaic conversion of infrared) that powers sensing, communication, actuation.

The design contemplates limited energy, and possibly monitoring when power is low.

Sensor (210)

Detects when the chemical reaction in the detector has occurred (e.g. by measuring electrical, optical, chemical signals).

Also monitors “expiration” — i.e. whether the detector is exhausted or battery is low.

Transceiver (212)

Communicates with external devices (user endpoint) via a short-range communication protocol (e.g. near-field).

The transceiver may both transmit (sensor → external) and receive (external → nanite instructions).

Memory / Local Storage

The nanite may temporarily buffer sensor/measurement data until it can be transmitted.

Shell (214)

A protective outer shell that encloses parts, possibly structured to adhere to internal surfaces (e.g. spiked shape to grip mucosal walls).

Size / Deployment

Nanites may be ingested (pill), injected, or adhere inside the mouth.

After use, they exit the body via natural excretion (like dead blood cells) or degrade.

Methods / Workflows (Figures 3, 4, 5)

The patent describes three related methods (flows) for how detection, communication, decision, and response occur. These describe what happens at each “layer” (nanite, user device, server).

Method 300 (Nanite-level operation)

Steps:

302: The nanite (ingested or deployed) detects a chemical reaction (via sensor) in the user’s system (e.g. reaction of detector with target analyte).

It stores a record: when, magnitude, etc.

It transmits a first electronic signal to a user endpoint device (e.g. phone or wearable) with that record. Communication is via short-range protocol, after handshake/secure channel.

It receives a second electronic signal (instruction) from the user endpoint, telling it what to do (e.g. dispense medication).

It executes the instruction (e.g. dispense from reservoir).

It senses whether it is near expiration (low detector, low battery).

If near expiration, it sends a third electronic signal to the user device notifying of its impending exhaustion.

Thus, the nanite is an intelligent sensing/actuating agent.

Method 400 (User Endpoint Device / Mobile Device)

Steps:

402: The user endpoint device receives the first signal from the nanite (sensor record).

406: The user device forwards that signal to the remote server.

It then receives a second signal from the server (which may contain instructions for the nanite or commands for the device itself).

It forwards instruction to the nanite if relevant.

It may alert the user (e.g. via UI) about exposure or suggested medical action.

So the user device acts as a relay and local interface.

Method 500 (Server / Backend)

Steps:

502: The server receives the forwarded reaction record from the user device.

506: It determines whether the chemical reaction (or a pattern thereof) indicates a potential health risk (based on thresholds, trends, user history) — e.g. unusually high glucose, allergen detection, toxin, etc.

If a risk is detected, 508: the server sends a second signal (instruction) to the user device (and possibly to nanite) — e.g. to dispense medication or alert the user.

Regardless, stores data about the record and any instructions for future analytics.

If no risk, simply store and end.

This is the decision-making “brains” part of the architecture.

System / Module Implementation (Figure 6)

Describes a generic computing system (processor, memory, I/O) that can host the logic modules (for detection, communication, decision).

The module for “detecting potential health risks” could be implemented in software, hardware (ASIC, FPGA), or hybrid.

The same generic “system 600” could represent the user endpoint device, server, or other components.

Claims (not fully enumerated in description, but implied)

While I did not list all formal claims here, the patent is grounded on:

A nanite device with the structure (substrate + detector + sensor + transceiver + reservoir) configured to detect a target substance and communicate results, and optionally dispense medication.

Methods for how the nanite sends and receives signals, how the user device processes and forwards data, how the server determines health risks and sends instructions.

Systems combining the nanite, user device, and server in this architecture.

The claims would legally define scope: e.g. “A device comprising …”, “a method comprising …”, and “a non-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions …”.

What the Patent Does / Enables

At a high level, this invention proposes:

In vivo nanoscale sensing

Deployable nanorobots (“nanites”) that reside inside the body (e.g. bloodstream, mouth, digestive tract) and interact chemically with biomarkers (drugs, allergens, metabolites, pathogens).

Real-time or near real-time detection and communication

The nanite detects a reaction, then communicates the sensing to an external device (user smartphone etc.) using short-range wireless protocols.

Cloud-based analytics and decision logic

The external infrastructure aggregates, analyzes, and applies user-specific models or thresholds to identify whether a detected reaction indicates a health risk.

Closed-loop therapeutic response

In addition to diagnostics, the system may send instructions back to the nanite to release a therapeutic substance (drug, enzyme, etc.) to mitigate a detected risk.

Lifecycle / maintenance tracking

The nanite monitors its own “health” (detector exhaustion, low battery) and informs the user when it’s time to replenish or remove them.

In effect, it's proposing a smart internal medical agent that monitors, communicates, and acts autonomously (or semi-autonomously) inside the body, coordinated with external devices and cloud logic.

Key Strengths, Novelty & Challenges

Novelty / Strengths

Integration of nanoscale chemical detection with wireless communication and actuation (medication dispensing) in a closed-loop architecture.

The multi-layer architecture (nanite → user device → server → feedback) is a thoughtful way to balance on-device constraints and cloud computing.

The idea of “on-demand” or continuous biomarker monitoring at the molecular scale is powerful: improved early warning, personalization, perhaps constantly running diagnostics internal to the body rather than external sampling.

Practical / Technical Challenges (implied, not fully addressed)

While the patent is conceptual and high-level, many real-world obstacles exist:

Biocompatibility & Safety

Ensuring the nanite is non-toxic, doesn’t elicit immune response, degrades safely or exits the body.

Avoiding unwanted chemical interactions, aggregation, or interference with biological processes.

Power / Energy Constraints

Operating sensors, communication, actuation (dispensing) all require energy. Harvesting or storing enough energy in nanoscale is extremely challenging.

Sensitivity / Specificity / Noise

The detector must discriminate target substances amid many interfering molecules.

False positives / negatives are a big risk in vivo chemical sensing.

Communication Range & Reliability

Short-range wireless in biological tissues is hard (attenuation, interference).

Secure, reliable handshake and data throughput are nontrivial.

Miniaturization & Fabrication

Building all these components (battery, sensor, transceiver, reservoir) into a safely digestible nano or micro-robot is very complex.

Regulation, Privacy, Ethics

Implantable or ingestible devices handling personal health data involve strict regulation (FDA, HIPAA, etc.).

Privacy, data security (especially wireless signaling inside body) is critical.

Control & Safety in Actuation

If dispensing medication automatically, checks must prevent overdosing or wrong triggers.

The logic must be robust to errors or malicious commands.

What the Patent Says (Key Points / Highlights)

It repeatedly emphasizes the possibility of using chemical detectors (catalysts or enzymes) which react with a target substance and generate a detectable event.

It describes a secure handshake and secure communication between nanite and user device, to preserve privacy.

It mentions that transmission may be immediate or buffered (i.e., stored locally until communication is feasible).

It states that the server can make determinations based on cumulative data over time (not just one reaction) — e.g. trends in glucose, cholesterol, etc.

It covers optional or alternate flows: the server may instruct the nanite directly, or instruct the user device (to show an alert), etc.

It defines “expiration” broadly: either via exhaustion of detector, or depletion of power source.

It allows that elements (e.g. nanite, endpoint device, server) can be implemented in software/hardware hybrids.

Potential Applications / Use Cases

Allergy detection / rapid immunologic reaction: e.g. detection of allergen, quick epinephrine release.

Metabolic monitoring: e.g. glucose, cholesterol, lactate, etc.

Pathogen / toxin exposure detection: e.g. detecting bacterial toxins, poisons, drug levels.

Prophylactic therapy: dispensing medication upon detection (insulin, clotting factors, enzyme supplementation).

Veterinary / animal health monitoring: the patent even mentions non-human users (animals) where external diagnosis is harder.

. https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1cSE9m3E67/

https://x.com/Sensors_MDPI/status/2107082122553139685

. https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CBE7dtTZf/

WE KNOW WHY THIS IS BEING PROMOTED NOW!

Optogenetics serves as a critical optical interface within the Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT) framework, enabling precise light-mediated control of biological cells, such as neurons, for next-generation 6G biomedical networks. By genetically modifying cells to express light-sensitive proteins like channelrhodopsins, optogenetics allows nanodevices to stimulate or inhibit cellular activity with high spatial and temporal resolution, bridging the gap between the biochemical domain of the human body and digital communication systems.

In 6G architectures, IoBNT integrates optogenetics with molecular communication (MC) and wireless technologies to facilitate intra-body sensing and actuation. Research indicates that optogenomic interfaces can control gene expression and neuronal circuits using specific light wavelengths, while wireless optogenetic devices (e.g., implantable micro-LEDs) deliver energy and optical signals to freely moving subjects. This convergence supports advanced applications like real-time diagnostics, smart drug delivery, and brain-controlled interfaces, overcoming the attenuation limitations of traditional radio-frequency communication within biological tissues. https://search.brave.com/search?q=Optogenetics+in+6G+Internet+of+Bio-Nano+Things&source=android&conversation=09a662df0ed357c2f207e076e3b57ac832fe . https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DpEZiN5W7/

WE KNOW WHY THIS IS BEING PROMOTED NOW!

https://search.brave.com/search?q=Optogenetics+in+6G+Internet+of+Bio-Nano+Things&source=android&conversation=09a662df0ed357c2f207e076e3b57ac832fe

. https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1848r279uP/

Microrobots: Two Decades of Progress

"Microrobots are intelligent machines, typically ranging from a millimeter down to a few microns, that operate in low-Reynolds-number environments where viscous forces dominate and inertia is negligible. Over the past two decades, the field has advanced from theoretical concepts to clinical translation, driven by breakthroughs in microfabrication, biocompatible materials, and AI-driven control systems. " https://search.brave.com/search?q=Microrobots%3A+Two+Decades+of+Progress&source=android&conversation=09a6784be90d4486f5097c08156a311a422d

. https://x.com/Readthedocument/status/2108336702657818785

US Patent 10,163,055 B2, titled "Routing Policies for Biological Hosts," was filed by AT&T in 2015 and granted in December 2018. The patent describes systems that create interfaces between intrahost networks (neurological and body area networks) and interhost networks (external communications networks) Assignee: AT&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. https://search.brave.com/search?q=Routing+policies+for+biological+hosts&source=android&conversation=09a8c25a192d8501d30bbcc9f3aad66e79b6

. This patent describes a system for turning the human brain and body into addressable networks, where different regions of the nervous system or body can send and receive signals just like devices on the Internet. Using sensors, electrodes, and even implanted devices, the system captures neurological signals from specific brain areas or biological signals from parts of the body, translates them into digital network addresses, and routes them through external communication systems like wireless or Internet networks. In the opposite direction, it can take incoming communications, translate them into electrical, chemical, or other biological signals, and stimulate the correct brain or body region using implanted or wearable interfaces. Essentially, the patent lays out how an interface device (such as a smartphone, wearable, or implant) acts as the translator and router between the body’s own internal “networks” and external digital ones—opening the way for applications like thought-controlled devices, body-to-body communication, and remote control of implants such as pacemakers, drug pumps, or even smart tattoos and tattoo-like displays.

Below is a section-by-section breakdown of US Patent US9015087B2 (entitled Methods, systems, and products for interfacing with neurological and biological networks) https://patents.google.com/patent/US9015087B2/en?oq=10%2c163%2c055

High Level Idea (Abstract & Summary)

What is it trying to do? This patent describes ways to connect and mediate between:

Intrahost networks — internal “networks” inside a living being (for example, the brain’s neural network, or the body’s biological signal network), and
Interhost / external networks — outside digital networks (e.g. the Internet, wireless networks, etc.)

It uses “translations” (neuroregional, bioregional) and routing to let signals flow to/from specific brain or body regions via external networks.

Put simply: It’s a system to let you send and receive signals between your brain/body and external networks, while preserving “addressing” (so signals go to the right spot in your brain or body).

Detailed Sections

I'll go through key parts of the patent’s Description section, and explain what they do and how they fit together.

Background & Motivation

The inventors point out that we can think of the brain (neurology) and body (biology) as networks of signals.

Traditional digital networks (like the Internet) have addressing, routing, etc.

The challenge: how to bridge internal biological/neural networks with conventional digital/communication networks, so signals can flow across.

So the patent is addressing how to build an interface that lets internal nervous/biological signals be translated, routed, and exchanged with external networks.

Figures & System Overview

The patent describes various Figures (schematics) and walks through how the system works. Key elements:

Neurological area network (NAN or Neuro Area Network) — the network of neural signals in the brain.

Body area network (BAN or Body Area Network) — the network of biological signals in the body (e.g. heart rhythm, muscle signals, skin response etc.).

Interface device — a device (like a smartphone or special wearable) that acts as the “bridge.”

External communications network — e.g. cellular, WiFi, Internet, etc.

The interface device both receives signals from the brain/body and sends signals from external networks into the brain/body, after doing appropriate translations/routing.

Signal Routing & Translation

This is where the main technical mechanics are.

Neurological Signal Routing (Neuroregional Translation)

The interface first receives neurological signals (brain signals) from different parts of the brain.

It then identifies what region the signal came from (e.g. left hemisphere, motor cortex, etc.).

Based on that region, there’s a mapping or routing table that assigns that brain region to a destination address in the external network.

Then it forwards (or routes) the signal to that external address.

In reverse (incoming signals from the external network destined to brain):

The interface receives a communication from the external network that is meant for some brain region.

It looks up the mapping (“reverse translation”) to see which region in the brain corresponds to that address.

Then it routes/delivers the signal to that brain region.

This ensures signals go to and from the correct parts of the brain.

Biological Signal Routing (Bioregional Translation)

Analogous to neurological routing, but for bodily (biologic) signals:

The interface gets biological signals (like ECG, EMG, skin conductance, etc.) from different body regions.

It identifies which body region they come from (e.g. the left arm, heart, etc.).

It maps that region to a destination address in an external network.

It forwards the signal.

And for incoming:

It receives an external message addressed to a body region.

It looks up the mapping to find which part of the body.

Then routes that message into the body (into that region).

So both for brain and body, there is a two-way interface with “addressable” regions.

Interhost Communications & Sharing

Beyond just a single host (one person/animal), the patent extends it:

You could have communication between different hosts (e.g. brain/body signals of one person talking to brain/body of another).

The interface devices of different hosts can route signals through the external network to each other.

This opens possibilities like brain-to-brain or body-to-body interactions across persons.

Machine Translation / Command Execution

The interface can interpret neurological signals (thoughts) and translate them into commands for electronic devices (in the body or external).

e.g. your thoughts could command a pacemaker to change rate.

Or your thoughts could command a smart tattoo to change its display.

The commands are converted to biological signals that go into the body, or to external device commands.

So mental activity can lead to physical/electronic effects.

This is the “mental-to-physical / device control” aspect.

Methods / Algorithms (Flowcharts)

The patent also gives flowcharts (method steps) that describe:

Getting a neurological signal
Doing neuroregional translation
Mapping to a destination
Routing it out
Similarly, receiving external communications, doing reverse translation, routing to brain
Doing same for biological (body) signals
Logging, mappings, address tables

These flowcharts outline how the system should operate in practice.

Implementation & Variations

They also discuss:

What kinds of physical devices the interface might be (smartphones, wearables, implants, etc.)

How signals might be physically connected (electrodes, sensors)

How nesting or frequency translation might be needed (some brain signals are at frequencies too high for external networks)

How sub-networks or subnet addresses (like in IP networking) might be used to manage regions

Storage of mappings / address tables

Possible applications (e.g. changeable tattoo displays, neural control of implants, etc.)

Simplified Walk-Through by Roles

To further simplify, imagine a scenario:

You think a thought — that produces a certain neurological electrical signal in your brain region X.
The interface device (say a wearable) picks up that signal and says, “Ah, this is from region X.”
It looks in its routing map: region X → external address 123.45.6.7
It sends that to the Internet or external network.
Somewhere else (maybe a server or another person’s device) receives it, does something (e.g. display, control, analysis).
If there is a response, the external device sends a message destined back to your brain region X.
The interface device receives that, does “reverse mapping” to brain region X, and sends it (via electrodes/sensors) into your brain.

Likewise, similar flow is for signals from your body (e.g. heart rate) going out, or commands coming in to control your body or connected devices. https://patents.google.com/patent/US9015087B2/en?oq=10%2c163%2c055

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