GROUND ENERGY Crystal sets were the ruling radio technology in the early 1900's. Listening to radio stations through a crystal set is still a treat! The sounds are startling clear ... and loud. An old neighbor told how his great-uncle so tuned the crystal set that "everyone in the house could hear the music". Most crystal radio sets are "unpowered" radios. The entire study field of unpowered radios has been receiving enough attention lately for the publication of several books on the subject. The anomalous strength of crystal radio signals has much to do with design, conductivity, crystal quality, aerial surface, and ground contact. In many cases, the aerial may be completely eradicated when the ground connection is "right". In fact, the aerial can be eradicated, but not the ground. It is the ground connection, which is all-important.

Stubblefield Amateurs are rediscovering that specific ground points emanate radio signals in sufficient quantities to power loudspeakers! Recent reports from three independent researchers reveal that crystal radio reception through ground connection alone is shockingly powerful. The developed radio power in these crystal radio receivers was so strong that volume controls were installed to limit the output sound! According to each report, crystal received radio signals actually seemed to "grow in strength" with time. The anomalous growth is one, which numerous researchers have noted. The pattern follows the "vegetative growth" which Reichenbach observed in his "Odic" energy and which Stubblefield saw in his "electrical earth waves". Vegetative growth patterns appear as a gradually increasing signal, reaching frightening volumes at the maximum. In one such instance, the weak signal strength required headphones. Within several days however, the headphones had to be replaced with a small loudspeaker. This loudspeaker was then replaced by a much larger diameter horn. Finally, the horn had to be disconnected periodically because neighbors complained of the "outrageous booming sound". Vegetative signal growth. Not an electrical characteristic. One may view the crystal radio receiver as a tuner of crystal ad, the radio signals and other electrical values merely appearing as epiphenomena (Meinke). Recall that Reichenbach hoped to use Od in a new non-electrical technology, and that later pioneers developed Radionic instruments to these ends. The engineering convention of the early Twentieth Century had not yet realized the active appearance of these more fundamental energies in their circuits, as did their predecessors in the telegraph industry. The idea of obtaining and using "ground energy" is covered in secrecy. What would happen to fossil fuel companies were it even suspected that vast electrical energy could be simply pulled from the ground at specific points? These energies began "making their appearance" during the years of telegraphy. Well placed telegraphic ground plates were able to operate with energy simply taken from the ground. Several early telegraph lines historically continued signaling among stations, though their batteries had been "dry and dead" for several years! I spoke to an engineer who saw this kind of system operation when yet a teenager. Seeing this strange system in full working order so impressed him that, developing that rare taste, he forever sought such anomalies as a lifelong passion. Numerous articles from the last century retell exact details concerning these phenomena. It is possible to demonstrate its principle with ground rods and galvanometers. Yes, there is great energy in the earth, vast natural energy that is accessible only in specific points. But the true and fundamental identity of that energy has been questioned. Most qualified investigators observe that ground energy does not "begin" as electricity. Electricity from the ground only appears after several natural stages of transformation. Vegetative growth. This is evidenced in old telegraph lines where measured currents do not provide adequate wattage for the activities, which are thereafter observed in the components. This was especially true for the forgotten chemical telegraph systems, where scarcely any electrical current managed the successful exchange of strong signals. The forgotten science of selecting "special ground sites" is re-emerging among VLF radio researchers. No two-ground sites are ever the same. It is possible to probe around in a garden with simple meters and metal rods to prove this claim. Touching carbon and iron rods to the ground registers as currents ONLY when specific points are touched. It is fascinating to find extremely active sensitivity spots immediately adjacent to points, which produce absolutely no response in meters. The effects measurably increase despite rod separations. In no manner can these be referred to as "electrolytic" or "battery actions", since the requirement for best energy extraction by this method is dry ground. Rainwater destroys these effects. Moreover, it is only when the right ground contacts are made that one will watch the meter "pin". There the meter will remain until the rods are removed. Such energetic discharges can continue for months! Removing the rods, however, produces a more astounding phenomenon. The meter, dropping to "zero", does not rise again when the rods are replaced in their very same ground-points. One can lift one rod out of its well, watch the meter drop, and then instantly replace the rod with no resultant energy rise. Ground energy withdraws in a manner suggestive of "biological irritation". Each of these phenomena may be demonstrated to personal satisfaction with very simple apparatus.

THE SWEDISH STONE Dr. Moray traveled to Sweden as a missionary of the Mormon Church in 1911, visiting relatives for a summer. He frequently hiked through the lovely green meadows and blue mountain ridges to examine and collect more minerals. Here, in the historical land of gnomes, he found an unexpected treasure. But it was this part of his biography, which separated Dr. Moray from fictions and fables. It was during one such mineral expedition that Dr. Moray found a soft, silvery white mineral, which greatly attracted his attention. Despite his great difficulty in obtaining the necessary parts for even a simple laboratory examination, he found that silver cat-whiskers produced electrical rectification. When the silver contacts touched the mineral, the stone would pass battery currents in one direction. Believing that this material might be useful as a new industrial radio product, he stored a good quantity of the stone for his voyage back to America. Dr. Moray never elaborated on the "discovery" portion of his story. He mentioned only that he obtained the material from two separate Swedish sources. The first samples were crystalline, being found in a hillside outcropping of rock. The second, a smooth white powder, was scraped from a railroad car in Abisco. Both materials were identical in composition. No doubt, he wished to secretly preserve the location of this mineral lode for future use, since he never told of the exact source location. Endowed with extremely peculiar electrical properties, the stone provoked great surprise. Implementing the mineral as a crystal radio detector, he discovered several unexpected phenomena in quick succession. Dr. Moray discovered that radio signals were so amplified by this mineral that headphones were destroyed by the current. He then scaled up the output to accommodate a very large loudspeaker. Tuning in any station produced excessively high volumes of sound without external power! The fact that these crystal radio receivers required no extra power when achieving these activity levels suggested new experiments. His assessment of the mineral was mystical. His perplexing comment had no prior equal in the electrical world. "What I have found is a mineral radio detector, having self-amplifying abilities". Now, bright blue-white sparks were observed playing along the thin wire connections around the mineral at specific station settings. Mysterious! Incredible! The stone provoked a world of theoretical "problems". Any device with "self-amplifying abilities" is necessarily drawing its power from somewhere. But, from what place of origin was this "Swedish Stone" drawing its self-amplifying abilities? According to convention, there were no such sources to be found. Unable to yet find an answer, he modified his theory on earth electricity. He came to believe that natural earth electricity was entirely developed through special minerals like the one he found. Minerals, he reasoned, were able to modify more fundamental energies, which emerge from the ground. During the process, electrostatic charge is developed. This is why the earth maintains its charge. It possibly explained why the earth static-charge also "flimmered" in pulsations. Whatever causative energy was manufacturing the charge in minerals was obviously a pulsating one. There was no precedent for the peculiar behavior of this mineral. No existing electrical explanations for the activities whatsoever. Despite his inability to comprehend why the stone performed these marvels, Dr. Moray continued his empirical experiments. In the process, he developed several modifications of his original theory. Based on strong intuitions, he formed a doctoral thesis in 1914, postulating the existence of a "sea of energy" from which all future power would be derived.

CRUCIBLE OF THE STARS These events all took place in the obscure privacy of Dr. Moray's early life. In 1917 he was married. He managed to obtain several successive engineering jobs, all the while pursuing his dream of deriving energy from the earth. Between 1914 and 1921 he was unable to pursue this experimental work for any sustained time, the happy duties of work and family life absorbing all his attentions. His engineering employment record is prestigious, considering the time frame. He was employed as Designer and Engineer by the Utah Power and Light Company, Engineer for the Phoenix Construction Company, Assistant Chief Engineer for the Arastard Construction Company, and Division Chief Engineer for the Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Company. Having labored on his mineral through a sudden inspiration, he now advanced the operation of the device, a cylinder of eight-inch diameter and six inches height. Utilizing an aerial and a good ground rod, Dr. Moray successively powered both a 100-watt incandescent lamp and a 655-watt heater. It was found that deeper ground rods produced visibly brighter lights. The world did hear from Dr. Moray in 1925. There, in Salt Lake City, he began performing wonders with his new "energy receiver". Several local witnesses observed these experimental proceedings. It was seen that power increased with increasing ground rod depth. He now approached several authorities in hopes that the invention be given proper treatment in an established research laboratory. Then, he anticipated that the industrial groups who handled power generation would be the most reasonable people to contact for the deployment of his revolutionary technology. In that October, Dr. Moray brought witnesses from the Salt lake City General Electric Company in order to formally disclose his discovery. The demonstrations proceeded as before. Dr. Moray showed that the removal of either the aerial or the ground caused power to fade, proving the external source of the energy. Several qualified witnesses arrived from Brigham Young University to observe the device in action. Themselves engineers, he allowed them to examined and dismantle the device completely so that there would be no accusation of fraud. They even tore the boards open to see if there were any concealed transformer coils or batteries, which would account for the tremendous power production. No fraud could ever be found in this severe examination. The one component, which Dr. Moray would never show the others, was the size of a pocket watch. In it was his precious "Swedish Stone". In a strange way, in a most remarkable way, Dr. Moray had found an eternal lamp! This caught all the authorities off guard. Careful to watch over and protect every rigidified dogma and institution, the guarded hierarchies of self-centered authority were shaken from their foundations. Academic authorities declared that Dr. Moray's device was simply receiving energy from power lines or local radio stations. They demanded that he take the device to various locales in order to pinpoint both the true source of the energy and establish operation criteria. No industrial development of the device would be considered, they stated, until he complied with the stated requirements. Taken across the countryside in hopes of realizing the failure of the device, these academicians were thunderstruck when the device continued operating. It was impossible to find a place where the output showed any slight drop in power. The device worked during snowstorms, rainstorms, and in deep mineshafts. It was sealed in a metal vault, dragged many miles away from power lines, and taken to mountainous terrain, which did not sustain any radio reception. In each location the device suffered not one degree of diminished output. Appliances usually tested simultaneously in these desert locales included thirty-five lamps each rated at one hundred fifty watts, a one thousand watt hand iron, a heater, and a fan. Moray himself wished to test whether the device would drive a plane or submarine. The device was taken up in a plane and submerged in a watertight container at the bottom of a lake. In each case the output remained the same. Once, while demonstrating the device before a group of electrical engineers, a sudden sustained dark blue spark of some eight inches length was observed. When the engineers saw this, they were truly amazed, as the spark discharged from one of the output leads into midair. The incoming energy had actually momentarily exceeded the sustaining ability of the receiver. Obviously, this energy was coming in "from the outside". It was later found that this blue "spark energy" was a current, which could penetrate several solid plates of glass. Some analysts identified this display with "high frequency electrostatic" energy, but this was an impossible conclusion, since the glass-conducted current could perform all the same energetic wonders as if passing through metal wire. The question was then to address the exact nature of the receiver's current output. Was this a different kind of electrostatic energy? Were the output currents of a different "species" altogether? Now, Dr. Moray guarded his detector with special care. The new component was no longer the size of a small pocket watch. The modified detector looked like a small crucible with its cover-welded shut. This, Moray removed and placed in his pocket whenever the tests were completed. He later revealed the nature of the device, stating that it contained a piece of the soft "Swedish Stone" and "a few extra additives". A few close associates were permitted to examine this component. There was nothing more than what his drawings showed in its metallic shell. The whole secret lay in the nature of the mineral, the lost and miraculous mineral. The radiant stone. What remarkable truth did Dr. Moray learn? How had he managed to transform his device into this veritable powerhouse?

SPACE RAYS Years before this demonstration, the absence of reasonable academic explanations forced Dr. Moray to plunge into study. Preparation for his thesis required a substantial personal library, which he had gradually acquired. In the process, he secured several rare fifty-year-old volumes on radioactivity. These included the theories of Nikola Tesla and Dr. Gustav Le Bon, both of whom had each published extensively on the subject. Tesla's theory of radioactivity has never been adequately appreciated, despite the fact that he was first in demonstrating the existence of cosmic rays. When announced, after a period of intense investigation, Tesla was heckled by the American academic community. But, long before Henri Becquerel and Marie Curie investigated radioactivity, Nikola Tesla first called attention to the notion that matter was spontaneously converting into energy.  As this process, Tesla stated, was an eternal one.teady external shower of stimulating "cosmic" rays was penetrating all matter. These "cosmic rays" bombarded and disintegrated all matter. The process was measurably increased during the daylight hours because, Tesla stated, the bombarding rays come from the sun. These external rays were possessed of incredible electrical potential. Tesla cited particle potentials exceeding "one hundred million volts". He said that he had measured these potentials with "special" detectors. These might have been selenium detectors in vacuum bulbs, as used in his radio receiver patents. The electrified particles were constantly bombarding all materials, causing radioactivity to be observed. Tesla stated that all matter was in the eternal disintegration process. He claimed that the more dense metal elements were more easily recognized as "radioactive" because the dense materials were "better targets". According to this viewpoint, radioactivity was the manifestation of externally sourced agencies. Tesla insisted that the true source of radioactivity was outside, not within, matter. Ray bombardments "from cosmic space" were his explanation. Tesla defined true cosmic rays as an entrant light-like effluve having incredible penetrating power. These were in no way similar to the conventional cosmic rays detected by Gockel (1910), Hess (1912), Kohlhorster (1913) or Robert Millikan (1925). Tesla viewed his discovery of these light-like effluves as holding the only promise for energy application. According to Tesla, the energy of these effluves greatly exceeded those of cosmic ray "particles". When Moray read these ideas, he seemed to find a piece of the puzzle, which so eluded explanation. Another researcher, a contemporary of Tesla, succeeded in advancing the "external bombardment" theory of radioactivity with new experimental proofs. Dr. Gustav Le Bon, a Belgian physicist, examined and compared ultraviolet rays and radioactive energies with great fascination. Concluding from experiments that energetic bombardments were directly responsible for radioactivity, he was able to perform manipulations of the same. He succeeded in diminishing the radioactive output of certain materials by simple physical treatments. Heating measurably slowed the radioactive decay of radium chloride, a thing considered implausible by physicists. In each case, Le Bon raised the radium temperature until it glowed red-hot. The same retardation of emanations were observed. He found it possible to isolate the agent, which was actually radioactive in the radium lattice, a glowing gaseous "emanation" which could be condensed in liquid air. Radium was thereafter itself de-natured. Being exposed to the external influence of bombarding rays, the radium again became active. The apparent reactivation of radium after heating required twenty days before reaching its maximum value. Dr. Le Bon was utterly dumbfounded when; forcing theory into fact, other colleagues announced the "immutability of radioactive decay". He also perceived where their erroneous logic would ultimately lead when they cited "internal instability" as the source of radioactivity. Separating themselves once more from the external world of energy, they would lose more than they imagined themselves gaining. Le Bon disagreed when physicists began isolating the heavy metals as "the only radioactive elements. He had already distinctly demonstrated for them that "all matter was to a degree radioactive". He was first to write books on the conversion of ordinary matter into rays, an activity he claimed was constant. He showed that this flux from ordinary matter could be measured. Le Bon stated that the reason why all matter was spontaneously emanating rays was not because they were contaminated with heavy radioactive elements. Ordinary matter was disintegrating into rays because it was being bombarded by external rays of a peculiar variety. The external source continually bombarded matter, producing a continual energetic release, "an effulgence" of energy. Because the energetic disintegrations of matter occurred under focused sunlight, he first cited a special photoelectric effect. But, judging that nuclei were actually disintegrating in this process, he saw the need for a new and "extended" photoelectric effect. Matter disintegration and conversion into energy were both described in several treatises written by Dr. Le Bon thereafter. He described matter conversion processes, which may only be termed "photonuclear" in effect. He suggested that photonuclear reactions take place in all solar irradiated matter. Light itself could convert ordinary matter into pure energy. Exposure to focused sunlight could demonstrably convert certain light metals into "energetic emanations". He traced the actual portion of the solar spectrum which first manifested this matter-converting ability, isolating it in the deep ultraviolet bands. In these experimental arrangements, full focused sunlight fell on metal plates with their remarkable electrostatic radioactivity the result. But, the natural process of radioactivity in all materials proceeded without help from experimenters. What portion of the solar spectrum existed which could continually bombard matter and produce the observed radioactivity of all metals? Le Bon stated that there were invisible and highly permeating solar spectra whose power could pierce buildings. They existed beyond the light rays, beyond the deep ultraviolet. Through the use of special sensitive emulsions, he demonstrated the unique identity of the mysterious rays. Dr. Le Bon showed that he could take photographs of outdoor scenes right through laboratory walls. He distinguished them from ordinary infrared rays. "Dark light" he called it, identifying it with Reichenbach's Od luminescence. "Dark light" was a part of the solar spectrum, which could sufficiently penetrate all matter and disintegrate it.